The evolution of surgical education
Surgical training has traditionally been rooted in cadaveric dissection, hands-on apprenticeships and theoretical learning through lectures and textbooks. For centuries, aspiring surgeons refined their skills through a structured process of observation, practice and mentorship. The advent of simulation-based learning, including artificial models and computer-assisted programmes, has added new dimensions to medical training.
However, challenges such as cost, accessibility and ethical considerations around cadaveric dissection have driven the search for more effective and scalable training methods. In recent years, virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a revolutionary tool in surgical education, offering an immersive and interactive way to enhance procedural learning. This shift is exemplified by the integration of VR technology into the Transoral Robotics Dissection Course, held at the University of Birmingham in December 2024. By utilising advanced VR platforms, this course demonstrated how surgical education is evolving to meet the demands of modern medicine.
The role of virtual reality in modern surgical training
As surgical procedures become more advanced and technology-driven, there is a growing need for training methods that provide realistic, hands-on experiences without the risks associated with live surgery. VR addresses these challenges by offering a risk-free, repeatable and immersive environment where trainees can practise and refine their skills. Unlike traditional learning methods, which rely heavily on passive observation, VR enables active engagement through 3D anatomical exploration, interactive procedural simulations and real-time feedback mechanisms. This approach enhances knowledge retention, haptic perception and confidence in performing complex surgical tasks. Institutions worldwide are increasingly adopting VR-based training to supplement conventional methods, and its use in the Transoral Robotics Dissection Course exemplifies how this technology is shaping the future of surgical education.
The Transoral Robotics Dissection Course: a step into the future
In December 2024, the Transoral Robotics Dissection Course in Birmingham incorporated VR technology to enhance learning experiences for its delegates. The course, designed to provide comprehensive training in transoral robotic surgery, featured a VR station that allowed participants to explore anatomical structures and procedural techniques in a highly immersive manner. The VR component was seamlessly integrated alongside cadaveric dissection and live robotic demonstrations, offering a multifaceted approach to learning. Delegates rotated through dedicated VR sessions where they engaged with Organon3D, a cutting-edge 3D anatomy learning platform, and pre-recorded procedural content via VRiMS (Virtual Reality in Medicine and Surgery) VR boxes. This combination of interactive technology and expert-led instruction created a dynamic and effective learning environment.
The technology behind the course: VRiMS and Organon3D
The VR component of the course leveraged two primary technologies: VRiMS VR boxes and Organon3D. VRiMS, a specialised virtual reality academic group, provided high-quality pre-recorded surgical content that allowed participants to visualise and rehearse critical procedural steps. This technology enabled trainees to experience real surgical scenarios without the need for live tissue or cadaveric specimens. Meanwhile, Organon3D offered an advanced 3D anatomical model, allowing users to explore intricate anatomical relationships in detail. The interactive nature of these tools allowed for greater engagement and understanding compared to traditional static models or textbook illustrations. By combining these technologies, the course facilitated a comprehensive and immersive educational experience, bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and hands-on practice.
The impact on learners and the future of VR in surgical training
Feedback from course participants highlighted the significant advantages of VR-based training. Many delegates expressed that the VR sessions improved their understanding of complex anatomical structures and procedural workflows, making them feel more confident in their abilities. Preliminary survey results indicated that 79% of participants found the VR component to be a valuable addition to the course, and 80% expressed interest in incorporating similar technologies into their ongoing surgical training. The use of Organon3D was particularly praised for its detailed and interactive anatomical models, while the pre-recorded VRiMS content allowed participants to visualise procedural workflows in a step-by-step manner. Many participants noted that the VR sessions complemented traditional teaching methods, bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application in robotic surgery. Additionally, VR offers the potential for remote learning, enabling access to high-quality surgical education for trainees who may not have access to traditional cadaveric dissection courses.
A new era of surgical education
The successful implementation of VR technology in the Transoral Robotics Dissection Course demonstrates its potential as a transformative tool in surgical education. As VR technology continues to evolve, it is likely to play an increasingly prominent role in medical training, offering scalable, cost-effective and highly engaging learning experiences. The integration of platforms such as VRiMS and Organon3D into surgical training highlights the future direction of education in this field – one that emphasises innovation, accessibility and interactivity. Moving forward, further research is needed to assess the long-term impact of VR training on surgical proficiency and patient outcomes. However, the success of this course suggests that the future of surgical education is poised for a significant shift, with VR at the forefront of this evolution. As more institutions adopt this technology, the next generation of surgeons will benefit from enhanced training methods that prepare them for the complexities of modern surgical practice.
References
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Declaration of competing interests: JD is the founder of VRiMS and KN is a fellow. MD, LD and RS are the directors of the Transoral Robotics Dissection Course.
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